How much electricity (in kWh) would be needed to produce the hydrogen to power a hydrogen-fuel cell car?

euthopia questioned:

4How much electricity (in kWh) would be looked-for to yield the hydrogen to potential a hydrogen-fuel cell car for the same total vehicle km as one litre of gas can potential a typical conventional car? Take upon yourself:
a.39 kWh of electricity are required to generate 1 kg of hydrogen in an electrolyser
b.The energy content of hydrogen is 143 MJ/kg
c.The energy efficiency of the fuel cells used is 55%, and that of the gripping motors 85%
d.The energy content of unleaded gas is 34.2 MJ/litre
e.The conventional gas car has an energy efficiency of 28%.

efficiency = electrical energy out / total energy in x 100%. ?

wateva questioned:

The efficiency of a potential rank is a rate of its effectiveness in
converting fuel into electrical energy. In this case we can define

efficiency = electrical energy out / total energy in x 100%

If a potential rank has an electrical potential productivity of 1150 MW and an
efficiency of 32%, how much energy is converted to forms additional than
electrical energy each day?

SHOW your effective and give your pledge to an apt number of significant figures.

Note: some of this ‘waste’ energy is sometimes used for additional helpful
purposes, e.g. to heat buildings or greenhouses.

What is the limit time to stop being critical and how?

Electricstrongking questioned:

All of us know that mankind make alot of progress in view of the fact that the founding of iron and oil. The two bits and pieces make mankind able to make a splendid leap from the prehistoric or marble age era.
Public become more essential headed for the background and try to search for something new. The invention of engine has made a huge donation headed for mankind. Investigate on the engine has start a better fuel consumption and cleaner emanation exhaust gas. Investigate on clarification has made progress a lighter body clarification. Investigate on aerodymanic and radiation contain in the progress. If you reflect additional isn’t it that essential thought will lead to efficiency. Cars will have the affect that give up the lowest polished strong and colorless color radiation for energy efficiency. The downstream is that will lead to a unimodel and unicolor for all cars. What would be the aestetic side? Here is time when essential tought work hostile to aestetic feeling. Nerdy hostile to actor. Isn’t mean that mankind will stop chat for being?

What is the average energy efficiency of automobiles by type?

drneuter questioned:

One gallon of gasoline contains roughly 130MJ/gallon. Based on this, what would be the industry average estimates for percent of energy efficiency of automobiles by type (sedan, car, SUV, compact, etc.)? I’m sure these principles vary greatly by vehicle make as well.

I would judge that here is potential for huge improvements (instructions of magnitude) in efficiency based on how so much energy is lost in the forms of heat, blast, atmosphere, etc. Hybrid synergy drives already help some by converting kinetic energy into electrical potential energy, doubling fuel efficiency in some cases. Perhaps some of the heat can boil fill up to work like a locomotive engine, adding more potential. The additional room of fill up may maybe also help in air conditioning with effectively no surplus energy use. Here are so many possible ways for improvements, which brings me back to the question of just how efficient the domestic combustion handbook is by itself.

Delight, only pledge if you have information of this field.

What is the percent energy conversion efficiency of these energy sources? Please?

dmiller48124 questioned:

I’m having a modest distress upshot some data a propos the efficiency of uncommon energy sources. All I need is some approximate percentages of their efficiencies and sources where you got them.
This includes solar, wind, fusion, fission, fossil fuels (like petroleum, coal and natural gas), biomass, geothermal.

thankfulness so much

Energy efficiency?

janelle m questioned:

How does the energy efficiency of fuel cells equate with the energy of additional methods of producing electricity?

what are some good energy related science fair projects that i can do for my advanced science class?

headintheclouds questioned:

the knowledge and equipment curriculum at my lecture requires me to do a knowledge honest project over the summer and is due the first week of lecture.

The topic that wellbeing me is energy and i was thought about doing something on solar energy,fuel efficiency (see which fuel would work better) or wind energy. something related to that.

i want this to be fun too if possible. any additional dreams are salutation.
i need a question that i can do my project on

What is the energy efficiency of Biofuels?

bek_J66 questioned:

Biofuels are now life touted as a green uncommon to fossil fuels. Ethanol is bent from biological equipment such as sugarcane or corn. How is ethanol bent as a biofuel (compound methods/biotechnology) and how energy efficient is it?
Thankfulness

Do labour really care about high fuel prices and feel our pain?

Gx questioned:

In the wake of strong hints from Cabinet ministers on Tuesday, Number 10 has played down suggestions here may maybe be a U-turn over the 2p hike in fuel duty and controversial reforms to road tax.

Of course we be with you the concerns customers face, but we also need to take into tab the need to make sure fiscal stability, to fund public air force and to promote energy efficiency,” the Fill in Minister’s spokesman said.

Do labour really care about high fuel prices and feel our pain?

Gx questioned:

In the wake of strong hints from Cabinet ministers on Tuesday, Number 10 has played down suggestions here may maybe be a U-turn over the 2p hike in fuel duty and controversial reforms to road tax.

Of course we be with you the concerns customers face, but we also need to take into tab the need to make sure fiscal stability, to fund public air force and to promote energy efficiency,” the Fill in Minister’s spokesman said.

Do you think energy efficiency leads to more freedom?

The Covered Masala questioned:

Of all the solutions to climate chat, energy efficiency is the most ordinary key for the public and business, in view of the fact that it saves cash and gives stuck-up frankness. James Watts coal fired steam engine was more efficient that Thomas Newcomens earlier model, and gave cut-rate cost and stuck-up frankness. So why are the deniers so strong to chat? Are they the The Luddites of this century that gripe hostile to the chat bent by the technological leaps that we will be making, which they feel threaten their lifestyle. A ordinary argument with deniers is that we will have less frankness and the goverment will have more hegemony but this has not been the case in the past so why must it be the case now? Is the gripe about paying superfluous tax really most likely when the fuel bill is 50% less?
Stink Hassle, If your largest concern about your loss of frankness is set alight bulbs then I reflect you have to announce that you have reasonably a lot of frankness. Recently 200 public in one African village were axed to fatality fighting for democracy. I reflect that you must maybe place equipment into perspective and realise that frankness earnings a modest bit more than what set alight bulb you can have. If you feel so strongly about lightbulbs maybe you must stand up and struggle for your right to choose a lightbulb and place your life on the line like the African public in the village, or hey go to Africa and I am sure you can use any set alight bulb you like. I have read some of your answers before and sometimes I reflect you have made some excellent pooints but this was not one of them.

How do conventional and alternative sources of energy with respect to efficiency and environ. impact compare?

Gary King questioned:

I am looking for in rank to equate conventional and uncommon
sources of energy with accept to efficiency and environmental impacts
(e.g. burning fossil fuels, solar energy, and nuclear fission.)

Delight reside in as much chemistry as possible, with calculations,
diagrams, and equations.

for those interested in global warming facts?

tough as hell questioned:

What causes global warming?
Carbon dioxide and additional air pollution that is collecting in the ambiance like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun’s heat and causing the planet to warm up. Coal-burning potential plants are the chief U.S. source of carbon dioxide pollution — they yield 2.5 billion tons each year. Automobiles, the second chief source, start near 1.5 billion tons of CO2 annually.

Here’s the excellent news: technologies exist now to make cars that run cleaner and burn less gas, modernize potential plants and generate electricity from nonpolluting sources, and cut our electricity use owing to energy efficiency. The challenge is to be sure these solutions are place to use.

Is the earth really being paid hotter?
Yes. Even if community temperatures fluctuate naturally, over the past 50 being the average global like has increased at the greatest rate in recorded description. And experts reflect the trend is accelerating: the 10 hottest being on confirmation have all occurred in view of the fact that 1990. Scientists say that except we curb global warming emissions, average U.S. temperatures may maybe be 3 to 9 degrees privileged by the end of the century.

Are radiator temperatures causing terrible equipment to take place?
Global warming is already causing hurt in many parts of the United States. In 2002, Colorado, Arizona and Oregon endured their most terrible wildfire seasons ever. The same year, deficiency bent brutal dust storms in Montana, Colorado and Kansas, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in hurt in Texas, Montana and North Dakota. In view of the fact that the ahead of schedule 1950s, snow growth has declined 60 percent and chill seasons have shortened in some areas of the Falls Array in Oregon and Washington.

Of course, the impacts of global warming are not top surprise to the United States. In 2003, utmost heat waves caused more than 20,000 deaths in Europe and more than 1,500 deaths in India. And in what scientists watch as an alarming sign of events to come, the area of the Cool’s perennial polar ice cap is declining at the rate of 9 percent per decade.

Is global warming making hurricanes of poorer quality?
Global warming doesn’t start hurricanes, but it does make them stronger and more perilous. In view of the fact that the ocean is being paid radiator, tropical storms can pick up more energy and become more powerful. So global warming may maybe turn, say, a rank 3 storm into a much more perilous rank 4 storm. In fact, scientists have found that the destructive potential of hurricanes has greatly increased along with ocean like over the past 35 being.

Is here really yield for serious concern?
Yes. Global warming is a complicated experience, and its full-extent impacts are hard to predict far in advance. But each year scientists gather more about how global warming is distressing the planet, and many agree that fastidious penalty are liable to occur if current trends continue. Among these:

Melting glaciers, ahead of schedule snowmelt and brutal droughts will yield more dramatic fill up shortages in the American West.

Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern coast, in Florida, and in additional areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico.

Radiator sea go up temperatures will fuel more intense hurricanes in the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

Forests, farms and cities will face troublesome new mice and more mosquito-borne diseases.

Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and alpine meadows may maybe handbook many sow and animal species to extinction.

May maybe global warming trigger a sudden cataclysm?
Recently, researchers — and even the U.S. Protection Department — have investigated the likelihood of abrupt climate chat, in which gradual global warming triggers a sudden budge in the earth’s climate, causing parts of the planet to dramatically heat up or cool down in the span of a few being.

In February 2004, consultants to the Pentagon released a report laying out the possible impacts of abrupt climate chat on national wellbeing. In a most terrible-case scenario, the study concluded, global warming may maybe make generous areas of the planet in a state of disrepair and yield massive food and fill up shortages, sparking rife migrations and war.

While this possibility remains greatly speculative, many of global warming’s equipment are already life experimental — and felt. And the thought that such utmost chat is possible underscores the urgent need to start cutting global warming pollution.

What public is the chief source of global warming pollution?
The United States. Even if Americans make up just 4 percent of the planet’s populace, we yield 25 percent of the carbon dioxide pollution from fossil-fuel burning — by far the chief impart of any public. In fact, the United States emits more carbon dioxide than China, India and Japan, collective. Plainly America ought to take a leadership role in solving the problem. And as the planet’s top developer of new technologies, we are well positioned to do so — we already have the know-how.

How can we cut global warming pollution?
It’s unadorned: By sinking pollution from vehicles and potential plants. Straight away, we must place unfilled technologies for building cleaner cars and more bestow electricity generators into rife use. We can boost our dependence on renewable energy sources such as wind, sun and geothermal. And we can manufacture more efficient appliances and store up energy.

Why aren’t these technologies more commonplace now?
In view of the fact that, while the technologies exist, the corporate and biased will to place them into rife use does not. Many companies in the automobile and energy industries place pressure on the Colorless Household and Congress to halt or be unstable new laws or set of laws — or even to stop enforcing unfilled rules — that would handbook such changes. From requiring catalytic converters to humanizing gas mileage, car companies have fought even the smallest rate to protect public affect and the background. If progress is to be made, the American public will have to demand it.

Do we need new laws requiring industry to cut emissions of global warming pollution?
Yes. The Bush handing out is promoting an initiative in which energy companies cut emissions only if they choose to do so. As the past 10 being have plainly shown, even if, voluntary programs do not stop the growth of emissions. Proposals to cap emissions of carbon dioxide and additional heat-trapping pollutants from America’s chief sources — potential plants, industrial conveniences, and transportation fuels — are quick support in Congress.

Stricter efficiency requirements for gripping appliances will also help reduce pollution. One model is the 30 percent tighter ordinary now in place for home central air conditioners and heat pumps, a Clinton-era achievement that will prevent the emanation of 51 million metric tons of carbon — the equivalent of compelling 34 million cars off the road for one year. The new rule survived a Bush handing out effort to fade it when, in January 2004, a federal court sided with an NRDC-led coalition and reversed the handing out’s rollback.

Is it possible to cut potential sow pollution and subdue have ample electricity?
Yes. First, we must use more efficient appliances and equipment in our homes and offices to reduce our electricity wants. We can also phase out the decades-ancient, coal-burning potential plants that generate most of our electricity and exchange them with cleaner plants. And we can boost our use of renewable energy sources such as wind and sun. Some states are tender in this management: California has required its chief utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2017, and New York has pledged to compel potential companies to grant 25 percent of the state’s electricity from renewable sources by 2013.

How can we cut car pollution?
Cost-effectual technologies to reduce global warming pollution from cars and set alight trucks of all sizes are unfilled now. Here is no wits to wait and hope that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will solve the problem in the possibility. Hybrid gas-gripping engines can cut global warming pollution by one-third or more now; hybrid sedans, SUVs and trucks from several automakers are already on the market.

But automakers must be doing a lot more: They’ve used a officially authorized loophole to make SUVs far less fuel efficient than they may maybe be; the popularity of these vehicles has generated a 20 percent boost in transportation-related carbon dioxide pollution in view of the fact that the ahead of schedule 1990s. Dying this loophole and requiring SUVs, minivans and pick-up trucks to be as efficient as cars would cut 120 million tons of carbon dioxide pollution a year by 2010. If automakers used the equipment they have right now to bring to somebody's attention fuel state principles for new cars and set alight trucks to a collective 40 m.p.g., carbon dioxide pollution would eventually drop by more than 650 million tons per year as these vehicles replaced older models.

For more in rank on hybrid vehicles, see NRDC’s hybrid handbook.

What can I do to help struggle global warming?
Here are many unadorned steps you can take right now to cut global warming pollution. Make conserving energy a part of your day after day normal. Each time you choose a compact fluorescent set alight bulb over an bright bulb, for model, you’ll lower your energy bill and keep near 700 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the air over the bulb’s time. By opting for a refrigerator with the Energy Star categorize — indicating it uses at smallest amount 15 percent less energy than the federal requirement — over a less energy-efficient model, you can reduce carbon dioxide pollution by near a ton in total.

Are hybrid cars actually greener?

olliehunt questioned:

If they are a combination of gas and gripping then the electricity must come from somewhere, most likely a fossil fuel potential sow. This is an superfluous administer by which energy efficiency can drop, in view of the fact that no administer is 100% efficient. So is it really more cost-effectively friendly?

Where can I find a comparison chart of energy efficiency of different modes of transport?

jules b questioned:

The wikipedia access http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation unfortunately gives uncommon measurements for uncommon modes of transport. Is here any website donation a apparent depiction. And is here any condition that includes the exact cost, i.e. manufacture, use, disposal and mpg/J, Kw per Km.

Can we consume our way out of the energy cost crisis? Or is efficiency as important as increasing production?

oohhbother questioned:

Is tire pressure, high-fuel efficiency vehicles, and slower speeds really all that much of a chuckle?
The closer speed efficiency car tale is the myth.
Best efficiency is nearly always 60 MPH and below.

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=question477.htm&url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

Explain why energy efficiency is currently the most easily attainable alternative to current fossil fuel consu?

aj questioned:

Clarify why energy efficiency is now the most basically attainable uncommon to current fossil fuel consumption partterns

Percentage fuel efficiency?

sOuL dOcToR questioned:

I know that here are a number of factors that chat the efficiency of fuels, but I’m just wanting to know what efficiencies are of these 4 fuels – natural gas, coal, wood, ethanol. Delight don’t tell me their heats of reactions, but delight tell me the efficiency of the energy surrounded by each fuel, and the efficiency is calculated by comparing the heat of upshot with effectual productivity (first of all, does this mean to equate the potential energy stored surrounded by the fuel with the kinetic energy released when the fuel combusts? but then we all know that the energy content (H) cannot be measured before or with upshot, and only the chat in H can be)…so then, how will I set up the efficiency of these fuels (delight snub cost, special designed equipment, environmental impression, etc., in view of the fact that I’m just wanting to know the efficiency of these fuels which are a characteristic of these fuels). Delight help me! Thankfulness!
so when we say that methane is 90% fuel efficient, what do we apportion what by in order to get this percentage? do we apportion (heat of combustion) by potential energy? kinetic energy / (heat of combustion)? what over what to get 90%? and the same for coal and the others delight thankfulness!